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Bioactive compound

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A bioactive compound is a compound that has an effect on a living organism, tissue or cell, usually demonstrated by <a href="Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> <a href="In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> or <a href="In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> in the laboratory. While dietary <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> are essential to life, bioactive compounds have not been proved to be essential – as the body can function without them – or because their actions are obscured by nutrients fulfilling the function.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

Bioactive compounds lack sufficient evidence of effect or safety, and consequently they are usually unregulated and may be sold as <a href="Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_examples">Origin and examples</h2></div>

Bioactive compounds are commonly derived from <a href="Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">plants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lpi-p-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> animal products, or can be synthetically produced. Examples of plant bioactive compounds are <a href="Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, <a href="Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, or <a href="Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">phytosterols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-df-5">[5]</a> Examples in animal products are <a href="Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> found in milk and fish. Other examples are <a href="Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a>, <a href="Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>, <a href="Coenzyme_Q" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme Q">coenzyme Q</a>, <a href="Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>, dithiolthiones, <a href="Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="Phytoestrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoestrogens">phytoestrogens</a>, <a href="Glucosinolate" title="Glucosinolate">glucosinolates</a>, and <a href="Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-df-5">[5]</a>

The <a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">NIH</a> Office of Dietary Supplements proposed a definition of bioactives in the context of <a href="Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">human nutrition</a> as "compounds that are constituents in foods and dietary supplements, other than those needed to meet basic human nutritional needs, which are responsible for changes in health status", although a range of other definitions are used.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

Traditionally, <a href="Dietary_recommendations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary recommendations">dietary recommendations</a>, such as <a href="Dietary_Reference_Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary Reference Values">DRIs</a> used in Canada and the United States, focused on deficiencies causing diseases, and therefore emphasized defined <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">essential nutrients</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ods-8">[8]</a>

Bioactive compounds have not been adequately defined for the extent of their bioactivity in humans, indicating that their role in disease prevention and maintenance remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-ods-8">[8]</a> <a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a>, for example, is a non-essential dietary component without a DRI, yet is commonly recommended for the diet to reduce the risk of <a href="Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a> and <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Frameworks for developing DRIs for bioactive compounds have to establish an association with health, safety and <a href="Toxicity" title="Toxicity">non-toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ods-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

As of 2021, there are no dietary recommendations in North America or Europe for bioactives, except for fiber. However, there are ongoing discussions whether further bioactives should be included in future dietary guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-ods-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> A 2024 review highlighted that bioactive compounds found in Mediterranean diet components (such as olive, grape, garlic, rosemary, and saffron) exhibit properties that may contribute to cardiovascular health.<a href="#cite_note-FBio-2024-15">[15]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDuttaroy2021" class="citation book cs1">Duttaroy, Asim K. (2021). Evidence-Based Nutrition and Clinical Evidence of Bioactive Foods in Human Health and Disease. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2019-0-04550-5">10.1016/C2019-0-04550-5</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-822405-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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